1/2/2024 0 Comments 16s rdna sequence analysis![]() Further to this, multicenter genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified susceptibility loci on genes which may increase or decrease the risk of AD ( Bertram and Tanzi, 2009). The E4 polymorphism is proinflammatory, unlike the more common E3 form, which facilitates suppression of inflammation ( LaDu et al., 2001 Guo et al., 2004 Chen et al., 2005). One reason for this is likely to be its importance in the clearance of Aβ, another may be its influence on inflammatory response and its adverse influence on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB Bell, 2012), which is pertinent when discussing the level of privilege the brain retains ( Yu et al., 2014). The presence of the E4 polymorphism of apolipoprotein E4 ( APOE4) has long been known to be the most potent risk factor for sporadic AD, second only to age. The common sporadic form of AD arises from a large number of possible risk factors. However, understanding why the presence of excessive levels of Aβ do not necessarily result in cognitive impairment ( Katzman et al., 1988 Hulette et al., 1998 Price and Morris, 1999 Aizenstein et al., 2008 Esparza et al., 2013) may be related to the known role of inflammation and the importance of the response of the innate immune system, which are also recognized as essential factors ( Heneka et al., 2015b). It is acknowledged that the increased level of amyloid Aβ42 in the brain parenchyma, due to either increased production of amyloid or its decreased removal, is likely to contribute substantially to this. Pathological triggers, culminating in the eventual loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are widely acknowledged to occur up to two decades before symptoms arise ( Bateman et al., 2012). Our findings suggest an increase in bacterial populations in Alzheimer brain tissue compared with normal. A comparison was made of the bacterial species content of both frozen and formaldehyde fixed sections of a small cohort of Alzheimer-affected cases with those of cognitively unimpaired (normal). This is a novel study using 16S ribosomal gene-specific Next generation sequencing (NGS) of extracted brain tissue. It is now being considered that microbiological incursion into the central nervous system could be either an initiator or significant contributor to these. Recently the tenet of the privileged status of the brain, regarding microbial compromise, has been questioned, particularly in terms of neurodegenerative diseases. This is now seen to be a significant contributor to pathology. The neurological deterioration associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), involving accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, is associated with evident neuroinflammation. 4School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom.3School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.2School of Biochemistry, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.1School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.Analysis revealed that majority of marine species found in marine biofilm are of anthropogenic origin.David C. Among the 16 strains, representatives of the Firmicutes were dominant (56.25%) compared to the high GC, Gram-positive bacteria (18.75%), G-Proteobacteria (12.5%), CFB group bacteria (6.25%), and Enterobacteria (6.25%). Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the 16 strains belonged to the Firmicutes (IK-MB6 Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, IK-MB7 Exiguobacterium arabatum, IK-MB8 Exiguobacterium arabatum, IK-MB9 Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius, IK-MB10 Bacillus megaterium, IK-MB11 Bacillus pumilus, IK-MB12 Bacillus pumilus, IK-MB13 Bacillus pumilus, IK-MB14 Bacillus megaterium), High GC, Gram-positive bacteria (IK-MB2 Micrococcus luteus, IK-MB5 Micrococcus luteus, IK-MB16 Arthrobacter mysorens), G-Proteobacteria (IK-MB3 Halomonas aquamarina, IK-MB15 Halotalea alkalilenta), CFB group bacteria (IK-MB1 Myroides odoratimimus), and Enterobacteria (IK-MB4 Proteus mirabilis). With an average length of 946 bp, all the 16 sequences were classified using the Ribosomal database project (RDP) and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Marine bacteria from the hull of a ship in the form of biofilms or microfouling were isolated, cultured, and identified by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences.
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